Active Voice

Edward George Philip Seaga was born in the United States but became Prime Minister of Jamaica in 1980 after the bloodiest election in Jamaica to date. A controversial figure he was beloved by his followers and practitioners of Jamaican folk worship forms such as Revival and Kumina, demonized practices that he validated and brought into the public sphere. While Mr. Seaga’s state funeral will be on June 23, 2019 on the 19th a Revival Table and Kumina were held for him at the Tivoli Community Centre with one of the longest tables ever seen. According to artist Bernard Hoyes who grew up in a revival yard in St. Thomas and part of whose art practice is the recreation of Revival Tables.: “Big Man, needs a long runway to The Pantheon to be received by the Ancestral Spirits.This one is an Ascension Table. 30 feet or more. “

As mentioned in the preface to Part 1 of this interview the occasion was the publication by Macmillan of Mr. Seaga’s two volume autobiography in 2010, a mere 5 months before the now infamous state incursion into his former constituency, Tivoli Gardens. In Part 2 I asked Seaga about casino gambling, the environment, the Spanish hotels and tourism, the IMF and the debt, Walter Rodney, Marcus Garvey, Dudus, garrisons, the Caribbean Court of Justice, female leadership, Ganja and reparations.

Interview with Mr. Seaga Part 2, January 11, 2010

AP:      Mr. Seaga, I’ve been enjoying reading your book, you actually write very well.  Did you ever want to be a writer?  Or did this talent sort of appear when you were writing your autobiography?

ES:       Well, I wrote a lot while I was in office.  I wrote my speeches and I wrote articles and I suppose that gave me a certain amount of practice but I never took any courses…

AP:      So you didn’t use a speech writer.  You never used a speech writer?

ES:       No, no.

AP:      You always wrote your own speeches?

ES:       Oh, absolutely.

AP:      That’s interesting.

ES:       Well, if I had a speech writer I would end up pulling up the whole thing and trying to put it back together and as Norman Manley said to me one day– the easiest time God had was when he built the world in 6 days – if you have to put things back together after taking it apart it takes a lot more time. 

AP:      One of the things I didn’t realize is that a place like Dunn’s River Falls, for instance–well I’ve heard that you were instrumental in preserving Devon House and making it what it is today—but  I didn’t know that that’s also true of a facility like Dunn’s River Falls and even the Ocho Rios Bay but particularly Dunn’s River Falls–that account of how you acquired the lands from the Reynolds Bauxite Company is quite interesting.

ES:       Yes, that is important in understanding Dunn’s River Falls and understanding Ocho Rios’s development.  I have a picture of it in colour … [shows me a copy of a photograph of the bay].

AP:      Oh, I see.

ES:       Nothing, you have to understand, nothingwas here, there was a little rim this wide [indicating with finger] along the back end along the beach – the road used to run right there  ..

AP:      That’s Turtle Towers.

ES:       That’s right.  Well I’m really talking about here, see where these little buildings are ..

AP:      Yes, yes.

ES:       See where the trees are, that’s where the beach stopped.  But it wasn’t white sand beach, it was a brownish sand, fishermen used to use it to pull up their canoes and I dredged and reclaimed 80 acres, this is all 80 acres of white sand.

AP:      I see.  Now when you say reclaimed, was the white sand brought from somewhere else?

ES:       Over the reef.

AP:      Oh, from out here.

ES:       Outside the reef which is not far away.

AP:      Those are the kinds of things I really enjoyed reading in your book.  For instance, your description of how pristinely beautiful Negril was and how you discovered the beach there was also very interesting.  And that made me wonder whether you’d seen this documentary called ‘Jamaica for sale’.

ES:       No, I haven’t seen it.  By whom?

AP:      You’ve never seen it?  Esther Figueroa and Diana McCauley.  It’s sort of from the point of view of environmentalists.

ES:       I see.  Well, I know Diana and I can more or less imagine what her line would be. Mine would not be the same, mine would be development, but development conscious of environmental needs and environmental imperatives and Ocho Rios has gone that way, Negril has gone that way.  I did Montego Bay too, those beaches you see – the one they call ‘Dump up’ beach and so on, I did all of that but in the end we couldn’t fit it into the tourism picture so we said ok let the people use ‘Dump up’ beach for their own purposes and the other one up by the hospital, if it is still there.

AP:      So this film was made about two years ago and I think the film-makers were particularly concerned about the recent sorts of structures that are going up all along the coast and on the North coast.

ES:       So am I, so am I.  I never would have agreed to this Spanish invasion the way it has been done.  We don’t need 1000 room hotels going way up in the sky, we would have to have it spread out and mind you, that means a lot of movement around but in that case build a 500 here and a 500 there.  But Montego Bay, that’s what they called the elegant corridor – it’s no longer elegant any more – it’s just overpowered with the skyscraper type buildings.

AP:      This is the hip strip?

ES:       No, no, not the hip strip, after you leave the airport where the Spanish hotels are going out of Montego Bay.

AP:      Oh, you mean on the way to Falmouth where the Ritz Carlton, the Half Moon and so on are.

ES:       That’s right.

AP:      And what is your view of the huge cruise ship terminal development that Falmouth is facing?

ES:       I haven’t been there since it has started. Falmouth has potential for development but along lines that have been mapped out by the Georgian Society.  The restoration of buildings–it’s a town that still has a fair amount of buildings there that can be restored and the square and so on and I thought that’s what they would be doing with it.  Now, what is being done at the cruise ship end to bring in the visitors, I don’t know how obtrusive that is.

AP:      It sounds to me like it’s going to be quite obtrusive because Falmouth is such a sleepy  little place.

ES:       Yes, but I gather that they’ve reclaimed a certain amount of land to extend out into the water because the cruise ship couldn’t come alongside so it would have to have some depth to do so.  If it is done with taste, it could make a big difference.

AP:      You still think tourism is a viable industry for the country?

ES:       It’s not only viable, it’s the one that gives us the best returns, not better than remittances but tourism, the returns that we get is about, I think now it’s about 40% of the dollar stays back in Jamaica but it is spread out throughout the rural areas and there’s nothing else that goes out in the rural areas. Bauxite is in little pockets and manufacturing doesn’t go there at all so this provides employment for the rural areas and it provides employment for women which is very important because we have no other source that’s providing employment for women and I am talking about persons who are not necessarily skilled but have received the training that goes with it.

AP:      You mean the people who work as waiters or cleaners and domestic workers?

ES:       Well, in the old days they were just persons who were picked up anywhere with no background at all, nowadays they come out of the HEART school, and the hotels themselves do have training programmes and this plays a valuable role in terms of the employment that they provide so the tourism dollar goes much deeper, it also penetrates the agricultural areas. While I do think that there’s room for still more penetration there into different agricultural products, nonetheless the tourism dollar goes through into south St. Elizabeth and upper St. Ann and Clarendon – the bread basket areas, so to that extent this is also good.

AP:      I just wonder sometimes because if one were to do a cost benefit analysis – what the costs are to the country environmentally and otherwise,  even socially because very often there is prostitution involved and other things so …

ES:       Certainly not in the mainstream hotels.  You’re more likely to find that in the urban hotels where people can just walk in and no one takes notice of you but that’s not an organized thing, it’s women that have some entrepreneurial talent.

AP:      What about casino gambling, would you be in favour of it?

ES:       Yes but only on certain grounds.  It has to be organized on a basis that will ensure that it is not going to be for individual gain but that the benefit of it is going to go to some social need and education is the one that I have always championed for that.  I think the present government is thinking a little broader than that to include health as well but I am thinking principally of the basic school system to be the beneficiaries.

AP:      Yes, that’s true.  We do need heavy investment in education and the funds have to come from somewhere.

ES:       Exactly.

AP:      Ok.  Now what do you think of this move by the government to borrow from the IMF?  Have you heard the Lovindeer song about it?

ES:       Yes, I’ve heard of it.

AP:      It’s to the tune of ‘I am blessed ..’ etc. but it goes ‘IMF, IMF…..’

ES:       Yes, I don’t know what tune it was but the person who did it with him told me about it.  I haven’t got a copy though.  There’s no question about the fact that the IMF is a necessity.  We have – the principal problem of the country are the two deficits- – the fiscal deficit which is the domestic budget and the external deficit which is the foreign exchange budget and at the extent to which those have grown exponentially as a result of the virtual collapse of the bauxite industry made it absolutely necessary that we have to find ways of putting those funds back in the system and even before then, before the crisis came there were gaps to be filled there because the fiscal deficit was always above like 6-7% and it ought to have been somewhere in the 0-2% level and in order to fill the gaps what we’ve been doing is borrowing and now in borrowing we’re now borrowing to pay the bills that are due each year so it has reached the stage where the borrowing is not serving any developmental purposes, it’s just paying off last year’s debt service payments so it is absolutely necessary to get out of that trap.

AP:      It’s interesting because in your book you described the situation in mid-January 1977 when Manley would have gone to the IMF because the country was facing a 40% devaluation and it seems we’re almost in the same position today, no?

ES:       No, we’re in exactly the same position we were in the early 1980s, remember we had a tremendous recession at that time which was said to be the worst recession in 50 years that goes back to the Great Depression at the end of the 1920s and the bauxite industry went out too and I had that as the problem, I had to struggle with because it nose-dived down to 1985 and then it started to climb back again but it never got back to where it was in 1980. So we had a tremendous gap that occurred in our foreign exchange and in our revenues and that was the parallel.  Manley’s situation was entirely different, the country had no foreign exchange at all, it was in a negative position and that was largely because of his inappropriate policies because the policies that he was pursuing in a radical type socialism, nothwithstanding him calling it democratic socialism was such that it scared away capital, local investment  and it scared away the bilateral agencies that used to assist. The IMF itself took the position that unless you can be more compatible to these sources of funding we’re not going to make it easy for you because we’re not going to be the only source of funds.

AP:      So you approve of today’s negotiations with the IMF?

ES:       Well I haven’t seen the IMF Agreement yet and I don’t know if it is as rough as it was in my case but I decided that rough or not I’m going through with it.

AP:      But it must be rough because don’t you think that all the new taxes that were announced would have been prompted by this impending agreement with the IMF?

ES:       Well here I would have to be a fly on the wall to hear the discussion.  The fact of the matter is that the IMF doesn’t say to you, you have to levy taxes and what taxes, the IMF tells you this is the deficit and this is where we want the deficit to be.  They have pegged it at something about – they started at $65b and then it went up to $78b because a number of divestments  were included which the IMF said take them out because we don’t know if they are going to happen – like sugar and Air Jamaica and so on. So it went up to $78b but now it’s reputed to be something like $110b and I made this prediction from the very beginning, that it’s going to reach $120b which is 10% of GDP so instead of being the 6% it’s going to go up to 10%.  Now, what the IMF will say to you is that you have to close the gap so the government has to then say well, we can use taxes and these are the taxes we are going to use and so on. They had the Matalon Report on hand–which was a businessman’s report, it was a businessman’s reform – tax everybody by imposing consumer taxes and reduce income tax and company profit tax and that certainly would never ever have worked because there seems to be a large body of misunderstanding as to the level of poverty that exists in the country and to have added on a tax to basic food items and other basic items would have been not only cruel and inhuman but it would have been impossible for people to conform to that. So the IMF would not have been guilty of saying we want this particular package but it says you find the package and if you say this is a tax package, then we’ll look at it and just see how it works but the proposal that I had put forward apparently didn’t strike the IMF either, it hasn’t come up so far in any discussions that we’ve heard of and that would have done it without any taxes at all.

AP:      But how could the government be so ignorant about the level of poverty, how is that possible?  And how could they misread the public, it seems so obvious…

ES:       It’s not a matter of ignorance because politicians do move around and they do see it, it’s a matter of which is worse.  Is it worse to have some problems, increasing problems for people who are really poor or is it worse to have an economy that can’t pay its way and therefore finds that its sources of funding are being shut down so you have to give up and it comes to the point where you have to give up even those things that you think are most sacrosanct.  Well, what my proposal indicated is that we would not have had to go that far but that’s the route they went, fortunately, they withdrew that proposal.

AP:      I don’t know, I feel we’re in for a rough ride and some people think that maybe it’s because Jamaica has been living beyond its means all these years and now is being cut down to size.

ES:       Of course, absolutely.  For years, well the heavy borrowing started in the 1970s where US$2b were added to the debt and then in my time in the 1980s an additional US$2b were added but the $2b added in the 1970s produced the worst period of negative growth the country has ever had.  It was a loss in GDP that averaged out at nearly 20%.

AP:      What was it spent on?  Was it spent on the free education and …

ES:       That’s the problem.  A lot of social programmes that added nothing to the production of the country and whatever else ….

AP:      Couldn’t they be seen as long term investments, for instance.

ES:       Not those social programmes. The ones that were there were purely to put people to work can be seen as a means of finding some way of putting some money in the pockets of the very poor but you can’t do that unless the country can afford to do it.  So it’s not the project that is wrong it’s the fact that you don’t have the funds to do so.  For instance Manley re-negotiated the Bauxite contract – the Bauxite agreement, at the same time that the price of oil went up and having done so, the entire increase in the bauxite levy and more was spent one year later on what he called free education, against the Ministry of Finance’s advice and against the Ministry of Education’s advice. So he splurged the whole thing so whereas that money could have in appropriate amounts helped to carry some of these social programmes, he didn’t have that opportunity at all.  That money was used in one big splurge and of course it’s a continuing thing, educational cost is not something that is a onetime expenditure so he was deprived of the bauxite levy benefits and still had to face up to the dramatic increase in the price of oil so he acted very unwisely in what he did and very impetuously.  I had presented a presentation at budget time which was his first budget and, I guess it might have been my first budget as Leader of the Opposition and it was a devastating one.  The story goes that he moved from Gordon House right up to Jamaica House and summoned everybody and told them that we had to go the route of free education and David Coore who was Minister of Finance and Eli Matalon who was Minister of Education tried to persuade him but he wouldn’t listen.  So he went there and got a lot of plaudits because the poor people didn’t know what was going to be the outcome.  So he really bankrupted the country – that’s what he did.  There was no money left in the treasury.  In foreign exchange we had $10b that came in the day before from Iraq.

AP:      From Iraq?

ES:       Yes.

AP:      What was that for? 

ES:       Socialist.  Socialist International.  The Baath Party and the deficit went all the way up to 20%, as high as 20%.  Now that would be the highest in the world. That’s a measure of how deep the hole was when we took over.

AP:      Ok.   Another thing that I found interesting in your book are the occasions when you talk about the race factor.  For instance you believe that there was and perhaps still is, great racial inequality in Jamaica…and you’re accredited with having brought back Garvey, his remains, in 1964? This of course speaks to your deep commitment to and awareness of race consciousness in general.  But I am wondering why you didn’t follow this up when you were in power with the introduction of Garvey’s teaching in the school curriculum.

ES:       You know, it was always spoken of and we never had the kind of approach where we would have sat down and said look these are the publications, this is what we know, let’s reduce it to a curriculum subject. It never was done and even now it hasn’t been done.  There’s more consciousness of Garvey today and some of what he said and did.  I use the opportunity in my book to sort of take the positives out and indicate what Garvey really did, not in a specific manner but in an overall basic changes and fundamental changes that occurred in the society.  Did you see the chapter that I did in which Garvey – I used my presentation when we made Garvey a National Hero – I used the presentation that I made ……

AP:      I don’t think I read that part.

ES:       Subsequent to that, I was asked to speak on the occasion of the anniversary of the Rodney episode in ‘69 – that’s 40 years.

AP:      2009, yes, there was a conference here.

ES:       Yes, Carolyn Cooper organized it and she was quite upset with me because she said that I wasn’t sticking to the intention of the conference.  I said well if I was to write about Rodney and put Rodney in perspective, I don’t think I could give you more than a 5-minute presentation because what he stood for was one thing but how he went about it and the ideas he left behind with others who he taught and others who he met and the movement were so unworthy and so lacking in profundity.

AP:      You thought they were unworthy?

ES:       Yes, yes, not the ideas but how he went around trying to get his ideas across.

AP:      Which is what?  My understanding is that he would go to communities and give talks and lectures.

ES:       And gave talks that stirred up violence.  He preached violence against people of a different race and complexion and in doing so you’re employing a destructive means of pulling down rather than pulling up.  Now, in my presentation (and I can give you a copy of that)- in my presentation I outlined the two streams of black nationalism, the one that started with Howell and the Rastas – which at least was on a theocratic basis that black supremacy was because of a theocratic framework .  Then you went to Claudius Henry and his campaign was very definitely treasonous because he was inviting Castro by letters to come here and take over the country but quite apart from the international aspect of that, his entire doctrine was again, the question of pulling down the racial system. Michael Manley unfortunately, took that line because what Michael Manley did was he equated race with wealth and he said, you are not wealthy and these are the people that are holding you down. And that is how he made that equation to reach into the recesses of the minds of the people whereas people like Garvey and Martin Luther King adopted a different approach.  They adopted an approach of upliftment rather than pulling down and the upliftment of the black man by virtue of his own abilities and achievements and building esteem of the individual etc. etc.

AP:      Yes, I was going to ask you why it was that Garvey was acceptable while a Rodney isn’t but you’ve already answered that and in that context I also wondered what you thought of leaders like Malcolm X.

ES:       Who?

AP:      Malcolm X

ES:       Well Malcolm X is more of a dual type personality. He had fundamental principles that were no different from other persons pursuing a black nationalist course and he was also a militaristic type of person so that he would also fall into that group of the black nationalists who thought that if you destroyed what was destroying you that you would build yourself rather than that you would end up with nothing; but he wasn’t to my mind, so outrageous as Rodney. 

AP:      Really?

ES:       Rodney was on a different platform altogether because Rodney was a much more insignificant character.  When you preach that type of black nationalism in a country like the United States the capacity exists within that society to absorb it, to take what you want from it, to benefit to the extent that you are able to by virtue of the beliefs that you have or the beliefs that you come to have from hearing Malcolm X and the society itself will see some change as indeed change has come about. But the change that would come about is a violent change because the society can absorb it and deal with it through the judicial system and through the social consciousness of the other classes.  When you do that in Jamaica, especially in a country which has a great dependence upon tourism and you realize that all you have to do is to kill half a dozen tourists, and the industry becomes blackballed.

AP:      So, is that what Rodney was preaching?

ES:       Well, not that specifically but it was tantamount to that, that’s what Special Branch, the Intelligence Agency of the Police Force told us–he was preaching hatred, not so much just a matter of intolerance or anything like that.  So Malcolm X could be absorbed in his society, if he was here and saying the same things it would cause a different problem.

AP:      Well, the other difference also is that the US is a predominantly white society whereas Jamaica is a predominantly afro-origin society so that perhaps one of the worries was that Rodney’s incendiary sort of message might really upset the whole applecart, no?

ES:       Not necessarily so because colour is a question of the skin but people who are black in Jamaica are not subscribers to militaristic type of nationalism, they’re just not and that is why all parties that try to get off the ground on a racial basis – the Rasta party of Sam Brown who ran against me in my early election and the other one, whatever his name was, (I’m trying to remember his name) got no seats and lost his deposit and so on.

AP:      Astor Black, Ras Astor Black, was that his name?

ES:       No, no.  He’s a comedian.  This was around Independence time.  They’ve never been successful because Jamaicans don’t believe that you can solve the problem that way.  They’re more oriented to looking at economic gain, economic benefit as the means to improving social conditions and that is the big difference. So it’s not that because they’re black they have the attitude of black people in other countries where there is a conflict in place in which there is a need for militarism to try to resolve it as in Africa and when you think of the US south you almost want to say like the southern United States too but the conflict with the Klu Klux Klan and so on and we never had that.

AP:      I agree with you, I think there is a lot of what I think of as racial denial and a refusal to acknowledge the fact that this is a predominantly black country.

ES:       We mustn’t look at the problem and consider that it is a problem simply because it has not been solved fully.  We must look at the problem and look at the timeline. Now I am a good person to do that because I have a long time line and because I come out of a mixed ethnic stream and to that extent I see what is taking place, the mixed marriages that are taking place today, I can tell you, never existed in the past, never.  There are Jamaican Chinese weddings that are taking place and other societies that are beginning to merge into the system so that the change is taking place but it’s going to be a long process but you can see a very definite change.

AP:      So in that context you think that the National Motto ‘Out of Many One People’ is …

ES:       It’s an objective. It’s a noble objective.  It didn’t exist at the time it was framed, it still doesn’t exist now but it is more meaningful now than it was originally at Independence.

AP:      One of my beliefs about why Jamaica has not lived up to the promise that it held at the time of Independence and so on is that I feel that the business class here has been very risk-averse, unpatriotic and they haven’t really played their role and I mean I’m contrasting them with Indian elites, Indian business elites who worked with the government and built up, the Tatas and the Birlas….

ES:       In India?

AP:      Yes, In India. 

ES:       Indian business people who live in Jamaica are certainly not of that group.

AP:      No, no, but in India the government, after independence, worked with the major business families, they worked together for the betterment of the country and I don’t see that kind of thing here.

ES:       It’s not quite so.  After Independence and before Independence the development strategy that obtained at that time was one of investment by invitation, one of foreign capital creating jobs but you’ll learn from the quotations that I have included in my book from Paul Chen Young’s work that it was in fact a failure. The number of jobs created over a period of time was very small and that was costing us by way of the taxes that we had to forego and it just didn’t work. I came to that conclusion myself somewhere in the late 60s but at that time the thrust that was taking place in the business class was in that direction and they were very much involved in establishing factories and getting involved in manufacturing etc. Because this was giving them the right to produce goods which were protected against imports and therefore protected against competition and you’re quite correct in saying that it was virtually risk-free and in a risk-free environment the production would have a strong market. But then came the time when especially in fashion goods, ladies would go to Miami to buy what they wanted and the local manufacturers here would complain that their business was being reduced and wanted protection, import quotas and so on, which they got from time to time from both of the governments pre- and post-independence until it was determined that even with that the goods still kept coming in. The whole system was not one that could be successful. That was why in the 1980s I moved away from protectionism because it had nowhere going, it never created a number of jobs because the expansion was to a market that was very small and was shrinking because you can’t make the variety of styles that are needed to satisfy consumer taste and you can’t make the variety of sizes that are needed within that.  That’s a huge establishment and in countries abroad where that is done, you have different companies that produce a particular type of garment, particular fashion, particular size etc., you have hundreds of companies doing that, here you have two or three doing it so it wouldn’t work.

AP:      So economies of scale would have been a problem.

ES:       That’s right.

AP:      But I’m also wondering why there still is no impulse on the part of business elites to invest in something, for instance, like the music industry which has proved itself to be very successful.  You, for instance, were one of the early pioneers but how come one can only think of a Blackwell, you know as a business person who went into it in a big way and was so successful.  Why didn’t that become a model for other business people to follow? 

ES:       Well, firstly they didn’t understand the music. They can’t deal in a product they don’t understand.  That music comes from the folk society of the country which is a different Jamaica from the Jamaica from which the business interests originate and on that basis they will not be investing in something that they just didn’t understand.

AP:      But they didn’t take the trouble to understand.

ES:       It’s not something you can understand, you would have to do what I did, you have to live it, it’s not something you can be taught.

AP:      To me it’s a sign of the big schism between the two Jamaicas that you have talked about.

ES:       Yes, that’s exactly what I am saying.  That’s the type of industry they couldn’t get involved in but where they could get involved, they really put a great effort in it.

AP:      Tourism mainly, right?

ES:       Tourism and manufacturing.  They put a great effort in it and it has paid off in so far as some of the manufacturers are concerned.  Some of the big distribution businesses like Grace Kennedy and so on, and it has paid off handsomely in tourism, so they’re not really risk averse just that they want to cherry pick, they want to pick the ones they understand and the ones they can operate.  And then of course you have to take into consideration that small persons who have entrepreneurial intentions and ability are not going to use that as their thrust for the development of their own wealth because they can buy government paper at 20% – 30% and 40 – 50 – 60.

AP:      Well, that is one of the things I’m thinking of.

ES:       So that was what really spoiled the entire – it created a different environment from that of an entrepreneur and that came about as a result of what took place in the 1970s and it spread right throughout.

AP:      Now, another thing I found really interesting in your autobiography is where you talk about how you were offered the Presidency of the Caribbean Development Bank after Sir Arthur Lewis moved on.

ES:       Well before, he was about to.

AP:      He was about to.  Did you know him personally?

ES:       Up to that time, yes. Let me see, yes ….

AP:      What was your relationship with him?

ES:       Because I was Minister in the 60s 

AP:      And he would have been the Vice Chancellor.

ES:       And I was a minister responsible for the plan that was developed then and we once asked him – he was Vice Chancellor and we asked him to come and talk with us about the plan and he came and gave us a fair amount of advice but his advice was exactly what wasn’t working although at the time it was vaunted because it was the Puerto Rican model and that was theadvice the World Bank was handing out.

AP:      The Industrialism by invitation model, something like that.

ES:       Yes.

AP:      Industrialization by Invitation.

ES:       Yes.

AP:      So you just had, you didn’t have more of a relationship with him.

ES:       No, no further contact at that time.

AP:      You were quite close to Lloyd Best though?

ES:       Yes.

AP:      Right, Lloyd Best, because I remember him talking about that.

ES:       Yes.  To the extent of course that I was close to anybody up here because again it’s like two different worlds taking place in one country but I found Lloyd’s more open mind to be attractive and strangely enough M.G. Smith, those were the two people I was very close to, yes.

AP:      Well, ok now.  Recently there was an article in the Observer, this may have been sometime in early December, I think, it was mainly quoting Tom Tavares Finson you know about the whole Dudus affair and he was saying that Dudus is just an ordinary Jamaican, he was saying …

ES:       Who was ordinary?

AP:      Dudus

ES:       Oh yes.

AP:      He was saying that Dudus is just an ordinary Jamaican, he’s like any other citizen because he has no record of crime or, you know wrongdoing.  But to me that doesn’t gel with the fact that in ‘94 you had him at the top of a list of wanted criminals.  You remember? That you gave the Police Commissioner at the time–so he doesn’t have an unblemished record, does he?

ES:       No.  As far as I know, he doesn’t.  I believe he has some jail time.  I don’t quite remember the occasion but I believe he does have some jail time but in my case, my personality would not allow me to see injustice taking place regardless of who is involved without doing something about it.  And while there was a certain amount of co-existence between myself and the fellows who were part of his system in the sense that my role is to develop the area, they used it more as a harbor, they used it as an area that they could take refuge in and I had an arm’s length relationship with them. If you go to the point where you’re slaughtering people that I am elected to be responsible for their safety and their future, then I’m going to have to attack you.

AP:      And this was happening in the early 90s?

ES:       Yes, yes.  There were some feuds between themselves and some people in the larger community and they were just shooting them and I had to take that stand.

AP:      There seems to be a widespread belief that if and when Dudus is extradited that just pure lawlessness is going to break out downtown, security will become a problem etc. etc.

ES:        I can’t comment on anything to do with this problem because I haven’t been there in 5 years, I don’t know what has been developing since then…

AP:      You haven’t been there in 5 years?

ES:       No.  I left active politics since then.

AP:      No, I know that but I thought you would still have a relationship …

ES:       No, no, I deal with the sports programme and the culture programme and when I was leaving I told Bruce I wanted to continue those and I don’t think it bothered him that I should because he really doesn’t have that background and it operates right on the rim of the community.

AP:      I’ve seen it.

ES:       Yes, so I don’t really go into the community for reasons of meeting with people who I’ve known for 40 years and so on, on a friendly basis, because it can be seen as if I am trying to continue to maintain the fraternal links that I have had and the political connections and I don’t want anybody to think that I am putting myself in a position to undermine them so ….

AP:      Do you miss that though?  You had such close ties.

ES:       You know when you were involved with people for such a long time, it’s almost like family and they treat me like family and I treat them like family.  People call – we can’t sever the link totally.  There’re always people coming to me and I’m seeing them one way or the other.

AP:      Now, Dudus’ father Jim Brown died in his cell in a fire.  What did your intelligence sources at the time tell you happened?

ES:       That’s the greatest mystery to me and as far as I know to anybody who tried to make some sense of it.  Nobody seems to know of any, or I haven’t seen any publication or heard from anyone as to what chemical could have caused that and how that chemical would have gotten there and how a fire can take place in a concrete chamber which is what a cell is, in which he doesn’t have the ability to conflagrate it with wood or anything to make it into a big fire and was sufficient to kill someone.  I don’t understand it, it’s a tremendous mystery.  I myself, more believe that he didn’t want to face an extradition and he most likely… remember this was on the day that his son was buried, the mood that he would have been in, I think probably he took his own life.

AP:      That’s an interesting point, I haven’t heard that before.

ES:       Well I don’t have any record or any basis for saying this, but I just can’t find another alternative.

AP:      There’s a lot of talk nowadays about how we have to de-garrisonize, have to take them apart or destroy garrisons and so on, now, do you have the recipe for that?  How can that be done?

ES:       That’s middle class talk.  They don’t know the areas they talking about.  Now, garrisons exist above Cross Roads, Cherry Gardens is a garrison, Norbrook is a garrison, these are areas where people live a certain lifestyle and they vote largely to a certain extent in one way.  In years gone by the areas that constitute northern St. Andrew from the hills of east St. Andrew right down to Ferry used to vote 90% PNP and we had candidates there that would have gotten less votes than a corresponding situation downtown when you had that sort of grouping.  It’s a natural thing around social groups that they want to live together, they don’t want the intrusion of different social values lest it affect their children and have their children deviate from the lifestyle that they want to raise them in.  And that is exactly what goes on above Cross Roads.  In the area below Cross Roads, it’s the same feeling where the demarcation is done on the basis of a political difference because that demarcation is what separates you from having an adherence to a political party from which you can benefit, who will continue to protect you, who will make sure that you are not harmed and who will make provisions for your life to be one that is a reasonable one etc.  So there is a benefit factor in what the garrison is supposed to be but more than that there’s no way that you could ever say to 30% of the people in one community you leave here and switch with 30% of the people in another community with a different political base and let them come into this community – so that there’s a mixed position in both – it doesn’t work.  Nobody wants to live where they have to look over their shoulders, they want to be able to live where they can walk their streets freely.  Now internal gang rivalries in the communities are a different thing, they create dangerous situations but not all the communities have that condition and when they do it lasts for a time and it disappears. Now what I have found and others along with me, is how to break down that political separation. When Dr. Omar Davies had completed the construction of a new football stadium in his constituency which is in 

in Arnett Gardens, he wanted to have a match in which Tivoli would play against Arnett.  Now that was something that was unheard of because up until that time they were playing at Camp because the spectators wouldn’t mix and teams wanted to be somewhere where you didn’t have hostile spectators and then Camp said look, we not going to entertain this anymore so we were at a loss for a while as to how we going to handle it.  Well about that time the invitation was extended.  I myself had not been into the Arnett Gardens area, not that it existed then, but the area on which it is now, since 1972 and the people who were going there, many of them youngsters who were born after 1972, had never been there. They didn’t know what it looked like and vice versa so when we went there, it was a little bit of trepidation; at the same time it turned out to be just another football match and from that spectators started to visit, in the other locations from which they lived in which there used to be hostility and bit by bit the hostility has now entirely disappeared.  

AP:      Isn’t that great?

ES:       Entirely, and not only entirely disappeared, but I have players on the Tivoli Gardens team who came out of the Arnett Gardens football team.  Not out of the community, out of the team and they have at least one player who have come out of the Tivoli team playing up there so people want to know how you de-garrisonize, you do that by bringing people together in occasions where they can mix. And culture is the answer to that, sports and music in particular – these same people who won’t mix in ordinary circumstances will go to concerts and they are all there together. So it’s a lot of nonsense that I am very impatient with when I hear these solutions that are being offered that are worse than the problem and I know that the people don’t want to have that type of life. They want to be able to leave it behind them but they’re not going to ‘chance’ their own future by doing anything drastic and radical to just make a quick change, it has to be something that occurs over time.

AP:      Gradual.  Cultural change is gradual, right?

ES:       Exactly, that’s right.  And I’m proud to have been a part of that. 

I consider it one of the things that I have contributed most to the inner city communities, when I went there it wasn’t there but because I was there it was introduced, because they thought this is the way they could get me out of the place.

AP:      And by ‘it’ you mean what? 

ES:       No, no, the hostility.  The hostility among the people was there because you had a tremendous nest in Back-o’-Wall  that was hostile to the rest of the community and this was the den of all criminals in the country.

AP:      Back-o’-Wall?

ES:       Yes, yes and when I went there, they unleashed Back-o’-Wall  on me because they figured if they did that they could get me out of there. They have always coveted west Kingston because it’s like a chess game, I guess you have one play to make to have control of the entire area going all the way from Seaview Gardens coming right across the whole waterfront of Kingston would have been PNP.  In that case only one party could rule the country.  West Kingston was the problem that they had and the one that they could not solve and that was what kept hopes alive that we could have different political views within the city.

AP:      Was that why then Back-o’-Wall was razed?

ES:       You need to read a little descriptive passage which I have in my book about a visit that Norman Manley made there, it was written by Hartley Neita on the foul nature of the place.  There was nothing solid, bits and pieces of cardboard, zinc ….It was a wonderful description of exactly what was there in terms of a structure, in terms of the environment but the people in fact were worse and that’s why they tolerated it.

AP:      There’s also quite amazing descriptions of it in ‘Children of Sisyphus’ by Orlando Patterson.  Have you ever read that novel?

ES:      No.

AP:      It was set there and it’s quite horrific the conditions in which people lived as described in that novel.

ES:       Well I think he would have had the social setting more than the physical and environmental setting because you don’t go into Back-o’-Wall and do that, I can tell you that. So what I did in building Tivoli Gardens, we overbuilt so that we would be able to accommodate people from the outside in the Denham Town area and other areas in the west Kingston community andto allow for those in Back-o’-Wall  who would want to come back in to live …

AP:      Oh, so they were given that option.

ES:       Oh yes.

AP:      They weren’t just removed. 

ES:       No, no, there was a section of Back-o’-Wall which was known as Ackee Walk which was JLP but it was just a handful of people but the person who lived down there had some influence in the area and we spoke with her about getting people to come back in to live but for the same reason people don’t want to live where they don’t feel safe and they felt that if they came back in they would not be in the majority anymore and they would be unsafe.

AP:      Now one of the reasons for the existence of these so-called garrison communities is, we spoke about this in our previous interview, the failure of the justice system, right?  When did that happen and how did that happen?  When did it become so dysfunctional?

ES:       It wasn’t so in the 60s.  It came about in the 70s when there was a great politicization of the state agencies – justice, crime in particular – but also the civil service especially those areas of the civil service that had anything to do with the hand out of social benefits, in land and in houses and in providing work opportunities and things like that.  There was a total politicization of that and to that extent, people realized that there was not going to be any justice that would give them any opportunity to have benefits that they would need for living. That was one of the motivations, the deep motivations that caused the extreme conflicts that took place in the 1970s.  One of the motivations was the ideological basis that a lot of people, usually young men liked because it was militaristic, that was the preaching of socialism that was on the road and the formation of the Home Guards and things like that. The other one was that it made available a wider number of opportunities for work and for having social benefits than normally would have been the case and the people who were getting real benefits would defend that, the ones who were not getting it would not defend it and then there was the conflict. Now previously, that was always the case but in a much smaller amount that it really didn’t affect such a wide range of political partisans on each side but once it extended to almost a total exclusion of one party then it obviously would have caused tremendous conflict.

AP:      You’re not in favour of the Caribbean Court of Justice?

ES:       I’m not in favour of it unless I see it work for some time and prove that it is able to take the kind of decisions that I would expect of a court operating at arm’s length from the community, arm’s length from the environment.  And the kind of Court which is going to say, well, I can’t uphold this claim because it would cost the Government too much money, I can’t be in favour of that and I’ve seen that happen right here now.

AP:      Really.

ES:       Yes, I’ve seen the situation with Ezroy Millwood, head of the National Transport Co-operative Society (NTCS). That went to the Privy Council but the amount of money that was said to be involved when it went before the court here would never get past the Court of Appeal here. I think that Justice has to stand on its own, if justice is at fault or its standing on social principles that you don’t like then you must change the law or you must change the social situation or the social conditions but don’t expect justice to act as if it is part legislature. The American Supreme Court does that, the Privy Council doesn’t and the model of the Privy Council is the model that I favour and I do not know which way the Caribbean Court would turn.  Now that is why the selection of the judges was so important that it had to be convincing that it would be a credible selection and we’re still not sure that it will be but the only way to determine that is to allow 10 years to go by and see the kind of judgements that come out it, so far it hasn’t violated any of the principles that I would think are important but one doesn’t know what will happen. As it turns out, because the Privy Council is in effect now saying that they can’t handle the case loads that come from Jamaica and other Caribbean countries, we may have to find an alternative. It may be that we will have to go to the Caribbean Court of Justice but in such an event it would have to be established on the same basis that the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court in Jamaica have been established, that is by decision of two-thirds majority in each house of Parliament among other things. This one wasn’t although this would be the highest court, it was established by the majority of a single vote and in the same way that you can establish it with a  one vote majority, you can remove it with a one vote majority and therefore the judiciary wouldn’t have any feeling of permanence or tenure in such a situation and they would always feel beholden to the people who put them there so we would never accept them and that was what the Privy Council ruling was about, that was what the Privy Council said.  It must be established on the same basis as the other courts.

AP:      So you wouldn’t agree with Stephen Vasciannie’s view that the Jamaican public’s seeming antipathy to the Caribbean Court of Justice could be attributed, he says, to our lack of self-confidence as a people?

ES:       Well, you have to expect that there is some self confidence creeping in there too because we’ve never seen our own court acting in the way we would like to see a court act and the only court we’ve seen that will give real justice is the Privy Council.  That doesn’t mean the Jamaican courts don’t give justice but there’s enough of the unjust decisions that makes you wonder if in a final court of appeal you’re going to come across that too.    

AP:      And speaking of self confidence, one of the things I wanted to ask you about is this extraordinary self confidence that Jamaicans exude; I find it remarkable.  It’s not a new thing because I was told by somebody that he was impressed by this when he encountered Jamaicans in England in the 50s, the ones who went there from here. He was marveling at what a sense of themselves they had and how comfortable they were in their own skin. That self confidence–where does it come from?

ES:       Well first of all, what the migration did was to give opportunities to people who had that self confidence here and then went away so it wasn’t something they developed there and there’s always been reports of Jamaicans who leave Jamaica and go away whether on schemes like the farm worker scheme or to work in factories or otherwise and who settle in the United States how wonderfully they give an account of themselves and the self confidence they display.  If you take a city like Hartford, Connecticut and the Jamaicans who are there, they’re a part of the political system, merged into and incorporated into part of the whole society.  That is something I can ascribe to creaming off the best of the country’s people who are capable of operating under extreme weather conditions and the other things that they would be facing in racial discrimination and so on and still putting up with it and being successful.

AP:      But there must be something more to it because the other countries like Guyana and Trinidad, they would also be exporting the cream of their population but it was a Guyanese man who said this, you know, so what is it about Jamaica and Jamaican culture that produces that kind of personality type? Have you ever wondered about that? 

ES:       Yes, not in that context but Jamaicans who migrated to Miami over the years, before the 70s Miami was a distant American city, you always went to New York, that’s what you knew, or Boston.  Miami, though so near was always so very far.  Very little connection, very few Jamaicans were there and those who went to Miami in the 70s were persons who moved into neighbourhoods where they wanted to live irrespective of whatever it may be considered to be in terms of any racial segregation.  There was no outward segregation in Miami but what black people used to say to our people is, they admire how they just came in and just moved into areas that they wouldn’t dare or want to move and live and the result of that sort of brashness was part of the self confidence that Jamaicans had from their education, and from their style of life here where they don’t know what it is not to live in a certain area as long as you can afford it.  There was a study done some years ago about the various ethnic groups that are in the Miami area and Jamaicans came out on top as being the most educated, having the highest average income and all the other factors that you would rate a society by and that was of course the best of our middle class that went there.  Others went elsewhere but the best of the middle class went there.  Now, you can’t cut the cake and say well the middle class have that self confidence but the working class doesn’t because the working class has demonstrated that they have it too.

AP:      That’s just it because the Guyanese artist who I mentioned earlier was talking about working class Jamaicans who went to England on the ‘Windrush’.

ES:       So there is a continuum on which that characteristic is displayed.  

AP:      Again this may seem like I’m jumping around but it’s to do with the legal aspect of things – what are your views on ganja – should it not be legalized?  I found it very interesting that for some reason I had been given the impression that you were anti-Rastafarian but actually that’s far from the truth, from what I read in both Bryan’s book and in yours.

ES:       The only reason I didn’t include the Rastas in my study was that it was just too much to do and they’re not really a cohesive group, you have little groups here and there and they don’t all have a common belief except in Selassie so I didn’t bother to do that but I knew a number of them – Count Ossie was a good friend and I knew Alvaranga and so on.

AP:      You were very vocal about the police – the way in which the ganja laws could be abused by the police and were being abused.

ES:       That’s right.

AP:      And that’s still a problem because it’s still on the books.

ES:       Well it’s on the books but it used to be a popular way of incriminating someone, to say they found a ‘spliff’ on a man but nowadays the courts don’t really pay too much attention to that, you have to find something really significant.  The fact is I have never really seen the medical authority that tells me how bad ganja is – does it really have the impact on the brain that it is said in popular lore to have? Or is it just another form of high like alcohol?  So is it socially acceptable in limited quantities and is the real danger of it those who don’t really participate on the basis of using it in limited quantities but use it excessively and therefore become over aggressive and so on.  There are many questions to be answered about it and the study has not been done and I like to think of problems whether there are solutions or not by looking at what studies have been done, I don’t like to make up my own decisions on it. I would think that in the scheme of things because we have no studies, you’re better off not allowing it to be legal than allowing it to be legal as a safety factor until you do studies that will prove otherwise and that it need not be made illegal or need not continue to be illegal because the study shows that the harm that it does is really not that significant.  One of the problems that is always put forward is that it is a stepping stone…

AP:      A gateway drug.

ES:       That’s right, in other words you learn to smoke ganja and then from there you go on to something else.

AP:       If that were true Mr. Seaga then 90% of Jamaica would be on coke because I believe that 90% of Jamaicans use it.  A friend of mine jokes that it’s the national medication – Ganja. 

ES:       Well, and you keep reading of things that Ganja does.

AP:      And it’s a culture, it’s part of the culture here as well.

ES:       That’s right.  Just like in India and the Middle east, you have the ‘hashish’ and the ‘opium’ and people sit in bars and smoke ….

AP:      In Holland you can do that.

ES:       Soit’s a grey area and it’s something that should be cleared up by medical, not just medical alone, but by a proper, thorough study and that has not been done.

AP:      It’s probably no more harmful than alcohol and alcohol is legal.

ES:       Well, I don’t know, I can’t say it is or it isn’t but there’s an excessive point – a point of excess in alcohol which is dangerous. The social drink is one thing, I suppose the social smoking….

AP:      And we legalise alcohol.

ES:       Well I wouldn’t want my children to be smoking it either socially or otherwise but at the same time if that is how it is used by some who accept it and it’s not doing them any harm, then it’s a different matter.

AP:      One of the things you mentioned, don’t know if it was volume 1 or 2 but you talked about how your government tried to introduce family planning and the cultural resistance to family planning.  One of the things you mentioned was slavery and the practice of men being used as studs and so on so do you think that the traumas of slavery still haunt contemporary Jamaicans?

ES:       I look at slavery as the end of a period from which a lot of the conditions that existed at that time have continued as hangovers.  The one condition that changed dramatically was the fact that in slavery there was always a job, there was nobody who was unemployed.  The day after emancipation everybody was unemployed and the country has never recovered from that because we’ve never been able to find enough jobs to be able to take care of the over 300,000 that became unemployed at one time. But the social conditions of slavery were demeaning, they were brutal and these brutalities have left a scar on the psyche of Jamaicans, even more so men than women and slavery has passed on a residual feeling of the superiority of the persons who were your bosses and others that looked like them and others that come from that background who continue to be viewed as bosses even though they’re not bosses any more. So there’s that feeling of inferiority that continues and these are the background factors that do hold you back in life until you can overcome them and this is one of the messages that Garvey preached.

AP:      But then, therefore, would you recommend or do you believe in the demand for reparation?

ES:       I don’t know how practical that is and if you even got reparation what would you do with it?  How you going to distribute that?  Certainly won’t be anything to hand to every single family.

AP:      No, there isn’t but there are other options for example, investing it in education, not handing it out individually.

ES:       That is the only way that you could really deal with it.  The thing is that the decision on reparation which the British people were able to get was based upon actual data of hours worked in factories under forced labour and that data, to be uncovered, you would have to go through plantation records to see how many people and for how long etc. because that was forced labour.  The parallel is there for us to extract the data and to make the same sort of case.  It will not be as tight because so many centuries have passed but nonetheless it would be within the scope of understanding of any judicial system in that what you’re doing is providing some evidence for which there was no evidence before and frankly there is a team at work here which is doing some good work towards that but it hasn’t really moved along with the urgency that is necessary if you’re going to really treat it seriously.

AP:      So you think that it would involve collecting all that data and presenting it in order to make your case.

ES:       That’s the only way, you can’t go before a court without that.  And the fact that principally it was one type of occupation which was agricultural, even if you forget the house slaves and other types of smaller involvements, would make it a lot easier because records do exist of plantations in the old days and how many slaves they had, we have records here too, Professor Verene Shepherd has been collecting a lot of that.

AP:      Now, going back to politics for a moment, if you were in power today, what would you do differently from the Golding administration, is there any… is it possible to encapsulate that?

ES:       Do you mind if I pass on that question? 

AP:      No, I don’t mind, it’s ok.

ES:       I don’t want to put myself in a position where I’m making statements as if I’m denouncing what is happening.  I do enough of it in a tender way in my articles and so on by pointing out what should be done.

AP:       You had a recent one stressing the continued importance of agriculture and saying that you think the way out is to take agriculture more seriously.

ES:       There’s no other resource base but agriculture and human resources.  Tourism has used up just about all the beach land that there is, there are specific areas for specific types of tourism that have not yet been fully exploited, manufacturing is a no-go, it’s a non-starter now, the cost of electricity and the cost of security and all the other factors that make manufactured goods uncompetitive makes it impossible to compete with Trinidad.

AP:      It’s the same economies of scale argument.

ES:       We have become a supermarket for the CARICOM area, Trinidad’s become the manufacturer.

AP:      Would you, if you were in power, have Gays in your cabinet?

ES:       Have what?

AP:      Gays, Homosexuals.  You know the famous question Bruce Golding was asked on BBC’s Hard Talk.

ES:       Yes, I know.  Quite frankly, I judge people as people, and if people are outrageous in any area then I prefer not to have to sit with them around the same table.  If they have a different feeling about the way of life that they lead but we all find enough common ground that we can meet and enjoy our social friendship and at the same time make a contribution to whatever it is that we’re discussing and so on, then one should not differentiate them because they are gay.

AP:      That’s exactly how a lot of people think.  Now I want to move to visual art, these are my last few questions.  The Bob Marley statue, was there anything more to it, was it possibly the family that objected to Christopher Gonzales’s statue in addition to the public?  Did Rita Marley object?

ES:       I gave Gonzales the commission on recommendation from the art people that he would be a good one to do the statue – every statue can’t be done by Kay… what’s her name 

AP:      Kay Sullivan.

ES:       Yes and the other major …

AP:      Edna Manley

ES:       Yes.  I never saw a preview of it.  I saw a preview of Bogle because I visited Edna Manley when she was doing that statue at her home.  I saw a preview of the other Marley statue that replaced that one and so on but Gonzales should have had enough sense and should have had enough sensitivity to know that you can’t bring something that is so totally different that you are going to put before people as a replica of what the original was, that is the original person, and expect them to accept that.  That is something that over years and years may happen but that’s not what the people are expecting.  The people from the background that Bob Marley came from are people who look at art in a realistic manner.  They are also the source from which we get indigenous art and indigenous art is not necessarily realistic but it is realistic in an abstract sense, in other words, while the house doesn’t look like a house, you know it is a house and his African roots allow for that.  Now this statue by Gonzales – I drove to the location where we were going to have the function and there was a crowd of people there and before I actually reached it I could see that there was some uproar going on.  When I got there, they were all gathered around a car and shaking the car vigorously and I pushed my way through and in the car was Gonzales sitting down in total fear so my first job was to get him out of there which I did, then after that I could talk with the people and the people expressed themselves. “It no look like Bob”; “what the man a do– mash up Bob?”  

AP:      No, because one of the things that is often said about that refusal of that first Bob statue and I disagree with that interpretation, it has been said by some of the art authorities that it showed self-hatred, the people didn’t accept a black version or a black version of Bob, that they rejected the statue because it was too black.  Well, I don’t believe that, I think it’s because it didn’t look like him.

ES:       No, you must take that very seriously because middle class people from whom you would get that view, love to impose their own feelings and they themselves are the ones who feel he’s too black, it’s not the little man.

AP:      I agree with you.  

ES:       It’s the same thing that happened with Bogle, you know?  Edna Maney did Bogle as a replica of ‘the worker’, you know, the sort of worker that you have as a symbolic socialist – a tough looking person – that’s not the Bogle…

AP:      With very African features whereas he was more a brown man, right, the one image that’s available… 

ES:       I don’t know about the colour but he had a long angular neck, thin features and he didn’t look anything like that Bogle at all but she did it in her image. Now people for the most part didn’t see a picture of Bogle and therefore didn’t know any difference but the people who did know remarked.

AP:      The other interesting thing was, in the book you talk about Kapo and how he was harassed by the police which I had heard before, but I didn’t know that he had this alabaster statue that he wanted to give as a gift to the Queen. Do you own a lot of works by Kapo?

ES:       You know until recently I never owned anything apart from the piece he gave me as a gift. I’m not the kind of collector who really follows the field.

AP:      Are you an art collector?

ES:       Well I collect art because so many people give me different works of art and the ones that are good I display.  I should have owned a good size collection of Kapo but unfortunately I missed the boat on that.

AP:      Do you have photographs of Kapo from those days?

ES:       There is one in his wrap, the long pointed wrappings but that was from the ‘80s I think and if not it would be the ‘60s, but going right back to that time.  It’s another lapse in my studies, I never took pictures when I was in Buxton Town and I never took photos, well I did take photos of the Revival, therefore I must have had Kapo but I lost that entire collection because I had a wonderful collection of photos …

AP:      You lost them?

ES:       Yes, all the Revival and the functions as they were going on because the leaders at that time became accustomed to the fact that I was taking photos and the whole thing became misplaced.

AP:      In relation to Pukkumina and Revival and so on, you write about an incident– I’m not sure whether it was when you took office in the ‘80s or before when you were a minister–that you organized a Revival  ceremony at Jamaica house.

ES:       No, that was in the ‘80s

AP:      In the ‘80s.  There was a lot of resistance to it.

ES:       Well, that was an attempt to give people uptown a chance to see it. It’s not a good setting, Revival should take place in a rather tight situation because it’s the whole collective response that drives you emotionally.  When you’re in a big open field you’re not getting that response but I brought them there just to give people a glimpse of what it was all like because this is a part of Jamaica’s folk culture but the middle class of course don’t really have any respect for folk culture and they were critical, very critical of it.

AP:      Is it also because it involves so-called spirit possession which could be seen as being antithetical towards Christianity?

ES:       No, you have certain churches that have spirit possession as part of their rituals. These are called Spiritual churches. There are lots of Church of God groups, you have Pentecostal groups and they are recognized spiritual churches. The reason why the Revival group is not as recognized is because they don’t operate in any substantial way that you can call a church.  They operate in open yards, if they have any little churches they are shanty-type structures or something that is not very substantial and it’s just degraded because it is a poor man’s belief system. Just in the same way the music was degraded when it was first publicized and it wasn’t until it was accepted in London before we got it accepted above Cross Roads so if everybody above Cross Roads started to say Revival is wonderful, University now is recognizing it and so on, then it will get more recognition.  

AP:      Mr. Seaga, how would you like to be remembered?

ES:       It’s something that occurs to me from time to time. I’m not a person that you can define on a linear basis, that I was good at this particular line of involvement, and someone that has such a broad background, a broad spectrum of interests and involvement.

AP:      What you would like to be remembered for?

ES:       Yes, I actually conceived a few lines the other day and I’ve forgotten them … but there’s no questioning the fact that I’ve been known as a social engineer.

AP:      A social engineer?  

ES:       yes, but with a deep cultural consciousness. A social engineer  but with a consciousness that recognizes that you have to have an economic base to be able to deal with both spheres or to deal with the whole socio-cultural environment, but my areas of interest have spread over all these areas.

AP:      You know one of the areas of interest you mentioned which I found very endearing was gardening … that’s not something one would normally associate with you.

ES:       I love flowers, I love nature, I love the hills, I love streams, not necessarily the overpowering rivers but little streams. I love flowers, the colourful ones and those that are not colourful but the colourful ones more so.  I love creatures, animals; maybe I’ve gone as far as to the extreme where my wife wonders if I’m still in possession of my senses.

AP:      Why, what do you mean?

ES:       Well, I won’t allow her to take a book and kill a fly.  I’ll say don’t do that – I’ll catch it in the cup of my hand and take it to the door and let it go.  I tell her, I say, if you take your computer and you drop it, as valuable as it is, you can buy it back, it’s on a shelf, but when you destroy the life of that little fly there, it’s not something you can ever put back.

AP:      That’s true.  You also said at the beginning that you wanted to talk about the things you would have liked to do but never got a chance to?

ES:       Well, there are some projects really. I still hold a deep commitment in my heart to the Port Royal project because I worked on it so long, decades, and the concept that I came up with which should have linked  Port Royal across the Harbour mouth into the rest of the Jamaican mainland at Fort Augusta by reclaiming the Fort Augusta peninsula and the development of Port Royal would then be accessible from Fort Augusta instead of going all the way around and would become a tremendous development in offering opportunities both on the Fort Augustus side and Port Royal side and at the same time develop our heritage.  This is a booklet here which is a little different from the other one that I’d done as a pictorial presentation, and that’s the Freeport, terrible picture of it, and that’s another one that’s even worse.    Well, that’s Port Royal, that’s the Freeport, this is Fort Augusta, I was going to extend this, sort of in this direction and it would become a 250 acre area and this is the mouth, Port Royal – if you develop Port Royal, this would have a tourism component for shopping and the boats could dock here and go over by ferry to Port Royal rather than going like that.  And that is something that still has my ability but it is not being pursued by the present government.  I had other plans for it, plans for making it a Freeport of the order of Panama Canal, the Dominica Republic, La Roumana assembly of products and the Freeport at the Bahamas which is a tourism shopping complex with a fee and it just hasn’t been done.

There is the reservoir outside of Spanish Town which would capture all of the overflow from the Rio Cobre that is not being used for domestic supplies and that is more than half of the volume and by storing it, it would be able to irrigate 12,000 acres of land in the St. Catherine plains and then I would turn that into a massive agricultural development which would provide another type of employment but also for thousands.  All of these were very employment-oriented but also utilizing the resources, the wasted resources that we have.

AP:      Well, I think that concludes the questions I had prepared for you.

ES:       I appreciate your interview because it touches on a number of areas I hadn’t covered in the book.

AP:      Actually, do you realize that last time I was here which was on a Friday and we had that talk about that incident where you said ‘blood for blood and fire for fire’ and that Sunday, John Maxwell’s article touched on that, it was such a coincidence …

ES:       He was there; they came there deliberately to provoke me.  But you know, there are some things that I really don’t take notice of and John Maxwell is one, because – he writes very well and I enjoy reading his works on the environment and some of his political stuff but he has a fixation about me – other people with whom I’ve disagreed in life and I’ve come to terms with enjoying each other’s company and exchanging thoughts – Trevor Munroe for instance. But this man just has a total fixation on me.  He keeps putting out these tales of things that he says happened which have no bearing on truth at all.

AP:      No, I was just struck by the coincidence because we’d just talked about it and then two days later in his column he mentioned the same incident.

ES:       Well, that’s the kind of thing they hold to be so fantastic a black mark on you that it negates everything else that you are or you have done and that’s a political way of looking at things and I just can’t subscribe to that anymore because if that’s the case I don’t know who I’d really like in the political world because at some point in time you’ve crossed swords with everyone and if you keep bearing animosity in terms of just those particular items then you’re never going to have any peace within yourself or any further relationships.  You must at some time put them away and don’t use your imagination to keep them in the forefront of your mind.